Everything about Castilian Language totally explained
Spanish or
Castilian (
castellano) is a
Romance language that originated in northern
Spain, whence it gradually spread in the Kingdom of
Castile, and subsequently evolved into the principal language of government and trade. It was taken to
Africa, the
Americas, and
Asia Pacific when the Spanish Empire was established between the 15th and 19th centuries.
Today, between 322 and 400 million people natively speak Spanish, making it the world's second most-spoken language by native speakers (after
Mandarin Chinese).
Hispanosphere
It is estimated that the combined total of native and non-native Spanish speakers is approximately 500 million, likely making it the third most spoken language by total number of speakers (after
English and
Chinese).
Today, Spanish is an official language of Spain, most
Latin American countries, and
Equatorial Guinea; 21 nations speak it as their primary language. Spanish also is one of
six official languages of the
United Nations.
Mexico has the world's largest Spanish-speaking population, and Spanish is the second most-widely spoken language in the
United States and the most popular studied foreign language in
U.S. schools and universities.
Global internet usage statistics for 2007 show Spanish as the third most commonly used language on the internet, after English and
Chinese.Spanish has been described as the third most influential language in the world (after
English and
French)
Naming and origin
Spaniards tend to call this language (Spanish) when contrasting it with languages of other states, such as
French and
English, but call it (Castilian), that is, the language of the
Castile region, when contrasting it with other
languages spoken in Spain such as
Galician (
gallego; native name:
galego),
Basque (
euskara), and
Catalan (
catalán; native name:
català) (known as
Valencian in the
Valencian Community). This reasoning also holds true for the language's preferred name in some
Hispanic American countries. In this manner, the
Spanish Constitution of 1978 uses the term to define the
official language of the whole Spanish State, as opposed to (lit.
the other Spanish languages). Article III reads as follows:
Castilian is the official Spanish language of the State. (…) The other Spanish languages shall also be official in their respective Autonomous Communities…}}
The name
castellano is, however, widely used for the language as a whole in Latin America. Some Spanish speakers consider a generic term with no political or ideological links, much as "Spanish" is in English. Often Latin Americans use it to differentiate their own variety of Spanish as opposed to the variety of Spanish spoken in Spain, or variety of Spanish which is considered as standard in the region.
Classification and related languages
Spanish is closely related to the other
West Iberian Romance languages:
Asturian,
Galician,
Ladino, and
Portuguese . Catalan, an
East Iberian language which exhibits many
Gallo-Romance traits, is more similar to the neighbouring
Occitan language than to Spanish, or indeed than Spanish and Portuguese are to each other.
Spanish and Portuguese share similar grammars and a majority of vocabulary as well as a common history of
Arabic influence while a great part of the peninsula was under
Islamic rule (both languages expanded over
Islamic territories). Their
lexical similarity has been estimated as 89%. Likewise, it's spoken in
Andorra though
Catalan is the official language. It is also spoken by small communities in other European countries, such as the
United Kingdom,
France, and
Germany. Spanish is an official language of the
European Union. In Switzerland, Spanish is the
mother tongue of 1.7% of the population, representing the first minority after the 4 official languages of the country.
The Americas
Latin America
Most Spanish speakers are in
Latin America; of most countries with the most Spanish speakers, only
Spain is outside of the
Americas.
Mexico has most of the world's native speakers. Nationally, Spanish is the official language of
Argentina,
Bolivia (co-official
Quechua and
Aymara),
Chile,
Colombia,
Costa Rica,
Cuba,
Dominican Republic,
Ecuador,
El Salvador,
Guatemala,
Honduras,
Mexico,
Nicaragua,
Panama,
Paraguay (co-official
Guaraní),
Peru (co-official
Quechua and, in some regions,
Aymara),
Uruguay, and
Venezuela. Spanish is also the official language (co-official language
English) in the U.S. commonwealth of
Puerto Rico.
Non-hispanophone Americas
Spanish has no official recognition in the former
British colony of
Belize, however, per the 2000 census, 52.1 per cent of the population speaks the language "very well." Mainly, it's spoken by Hispanic descendants who remained in the region since the 17th century, however, English is the official language.
Spain colonized
Trinidad and Tobago first, in
1498, leaving the
Carib people the Spanish language. Also the
Cocoa panyols, laborers from Venezuela took their culture and language with them, they're accredited with the music of "
Parang" ("
Parranda") on the island. Because of Trinidad's location on the South American coast, the country is much influenced by its Spanish-speaking neighbors. A recent census shows that more than 1,500 inhabitants spoke Spanish. In 2004, the government launched the
Spanish as a First Foreign Language (SAFFL) initiative in March 2005. Government regulations require Spanish to be taught, beginning in primary school, while thirty percent of public employees are to be linguistically competent within five years. The government also announced that Spanish will be the country's second, official language by
2020, beside English.
Spanish is important in
Brazil because of its proximity to and increased trade with its Spanish-speaking neighbours, for example, as a member of the
Mercosur trading bloc. In 2005, the
National Congress of Brazil approved a bill, signed to law by the
President, making Spanish available as a foreign language in secondary schools. In many border towns and villages (especially on the Uruguayan-Brazilian border) a
mixed language, known as
Portuñol, is spoken.
In
Haiti,
French is one of two official languages, but is spoken by only about 10 per cent of the population. All Haitians speak
Creole, the country's other official language. The latter, is a
creole based on the French and African languages, with some
English,
Taíno,
Portuguese, and Spanish influences. Spanish, though unofficial, is spoken by a growing portion of the population. It is spoken near the border with the
Dominican Republic, however, Spanish is being spoken in westward areas, as
Venezuelan,
Cuban, and
Dominican trade influence Haitian society, and Haiti becomes involved in Latin American affairs.
In
Jamaica,
English is the official language, however Spanish is recognized along the western coast, where the country's neighbors reside, who are the
Cubans,
Costa Ricans,
Panamanians and other people from
Central America and
Spain.
United States
In the 2006 census, 44.3 million people of the U.S. population were
Hispanic or
Latino by origin; 34 million people, 12.2 percent, of the population older than 5 years speak Spanish at home.Spanish has a
long history in the United States (many south-western states were part of Mexico and Spain), and it recently has been revitalized by much immigration from Latin America. Spanish is the most widely taught foreign language in the country. Although the United States has no formally designated "official languages," Spanish is formally recognized at the state level beside English; in the U.S. state of
New Mexico, 30 per cent of the population speak it. It also has strong influence in metropolitan areas such as Chicago and New York City. Spanish is the dominant spoken language in
Puerto Rico, a U.S. territory. In total, the U.S. has the world's fifth-largest Spanish-speaking population.
Asia
Philippines
Spanish was an official language of the
Philippines but was never spoken by a majority of the population. Its importance fell in the first half of the 20th century following the U.S. occupation and administration of the islands. The introduction of the English language in the Philippine government system put an end to the use of Spanish as the official language. The language lost its official status in 1973 during the
Ferdinand Marcos administration.
Spanish is spoken mainly by small communities of Filipino-born Spaniards, Latin Americans, and Filipino
mestizos (mixed race), descendants of the early colonial Spanish settlers. Throughout the 20th century, the Spanish language has declined in importance compared to English and
Tagalog. According to the 1990 Philippine census, there were 2,658 native speakers of Spanish. No figures were provided during the 1995 and 2000 censuses; however, figures for 2000 did specify there were over 600,000 native speakers of
Chavacano, a Spanish based
creole language spoken in
Cavite and
Zamboanga. Some other sources put the number of Spanish speakers in the Philippines around two to three million; however, these sources are disputed. In Tagalog, there are 4,000 Spanish words and around 6,000 Spanish words in Visayan and other Philippine languages as well. Today Spanish is offered as a foreign language in Philippines schools and universities.
Africa
In Africa, Spanish is official in the UN-recognised but Moroccan-occupied
Western Sahara (co-official
Arabic) and
Equatorial Guinea (co-official
French and
Portuguese). Today, nearly 200,000 refugee Sahrawis are able to read and write in Spanish, and several thousands have received
university education in foreign countries as part of aid packages (mainly
Cuba and
Spain). In Equatorial Guinea, Spanish is the predominant language when counting native and non-native speakers (around 500,000 people), while
Fang is the most spoken language by a number of native speakers. It is also spoken in the Spanish cities in
continental North Africa (
Ceuta and
Melilla) and in the autonomous community of
Canary Islands (143,000 and 1,995,833 people, respectively). Within Northern Morocco, a former
Franco-Spanish protectorate that's also geographically close to Spain, approximately 20,000 people speak Spanish. It is spoken by some communities of
Angola, because of the Cuban influence from the
Cold War, and
Nigeria by
Afro-Cuban ex-slaves. In
Côte d'Ivoire and
Senegal, Spanish can be learned as a second foreign language in the public education system. In 2008,
Cervantes Institutes centers will be opened in
Lagos and
Johannesburg, the first one in the
Sub-Saharan Africa
Oceania
Among the countries and territories in
Oceania, Spanish is also spoken in
Easter Island, a territorial possession of Chile. According to the 2001 census, there are approximately 95,000 speakers of Spanish in Australia, 44,000 of which live in Greater Sydney, where the older,, and populations and newer, El Salvadorian and communities live.
The island nations of
Guam,
Palau,
Northern Marianas,
Marshall Islands and
Federated States of Micronesia all once had Spanish speakers, since
Marianas and
Caroline Islands were Spanish colonial possessions until late 19th century (see
Spanish-American War), but Spanish has since been forgotten. It now only exists as an influence on the local native languages and also spoken by
Hispanic American resident populations.
Variations
There are important variations among the regions of Spain and throughout Spanish-speaking America. In countries in Hispanophone America it's preferable to use the word
castellano to distinguish their version of the language from that of Spain, thus asserting their autonomy and national identity. In Spain the Castilian dialect's pronunciation is commonly regarded as the national standard, although a use of slightly different pronouns called [[Loísmo|]] of this dialect is deprecated. More accurately, for nearly everyone in Spain, "standard Spanish" means "pronouncing everything exactly as it's written", an ideal which doesn't correspond to any real dialect, though the northern dialects get the closest to it. In practice, the standard way of speaking Spanish in the media is "written Spanish" for formal speech, "Madrid dialect" (one of the transitional variants between Castilian and Andalusian) for informal speech.
Voseo
Spanish has three
second-person singular pronouns:,, and in some parts of Latin America, (the use of this pronoun and/or its verb forms is called
voseo). In those regions where it's used, and generally speaking, and are informal and used with friends, in other countries is considered an archaic form. is universally regarded as the formal address (derived from, "your grace"), and is used as a mark of respect, as when addressing one's elders or strangers.
is used extensively as the primary spoken form of the second-person singular pronoun, although with wide differences in social consideration, in many countries of
Latin America, including
Argentina,
Chile,
Costa Rica, the central mountain region of
Ecuador, the State of
Chiapas in
Mexico,
El Salvador,
Guatemala,
Honduras,
Nicaragua,
Paraguay,
Uruguay, the
Paisa region of
Colombia and the
State of
Zulia in
Venezuela. There are some differences in the verbal endings for
vos in each country. In Argentina, Uruguay, and increasingly in Paraguay and some Central American countries, it's also the standard form used in the
media, but the media in other countries with generally continue to use or except in advertisements, for instance. may also be used regionally in other countries. Depending on country or region, usage may be considered standard or (by better educated speakers) to be unrefined. Interpersonal situations in which the use of
vos is acceptable may also differ considerably between regions.
Ustedes
Spanish forms also differ regarding second-person plural pronouns. The Spanish dialects of Latin America have only one form of the second-person plural for daily use, (formal or familiar, as the case may be, though non-formal usage can sometimes appear in poetry and rhetorical or literary style). In Spain there are two forms — (formal) and (familiar). The pronoun is the plural form of in most of Spain, but in the Americas (and certain southern Spanish cities such as
Cádiz or
Seville, and in the
Canary Islands) it's replaced with . It is notable that the use of for the informal plural "you" in southern Spain doesn't follow the usual rule for pronoun-verb
agreement; for example, while the formal form for "you go",, uses the third-person plural form of the verb, in Cádiz or Seville the informal form is constructed as, using the second-person plural of the verb. In the Canary Islands, though, the usual pronoun-verb agreement is preserved in most cases.
Some words can be different, even embarrassingly so, in different Hispanophone countries. Most Spanish speakers can recognize other Spanish forms, even in places where they're not commonly used, but Spaniards generally don't recognise specifically American usages. For example, Spanish
mantequilla,
aguacate and
albaricoque (respectively, "butter", "avocado", "apricot") correspond to
manteca,
palta, and
damasco, respectively, in Argentina, Chile and Uruguay. The everyday Spanish words
coger (to catch, get, or pick up),
pisar (to step on) and
concha (seashell) are considered extremely rude in parts of Latin America, where the meaning of
coger and
pisar is also "to have sex" and
concha means "vulva". The Puerto Rican word for "bobby pin" (
pinche) is an obscenity in Mexico, and in
Nicaragua simply means "stingy". Other examples include
taco, which means "swearword" in Spain but is known to the rest of the world as a Mexican dish.
Pija in many countries of Latin America is an obscene slang word for "penis", while in
Spain the word also signifies "posh girl" or "snobby".
Coche, which means "car" in Spain, means "pig" in Guatemala while
carro means "car" in some Latin American countries and "cart" in others, as well as in Spain.
The (Royal Spanish Academy), together with the 21 other national ones (see
Association of Spanish Language Academies), exercises a standardizing influence through its publication of dictionaries and widely respected grammar and style guides. Due to this influence and for other sociohistorical reasons, a standardized form of the language (
Standard Spanish) is widely acknowledged for use in literature, academic contexts and the media.
Writing system
Spanish is written using the
Latin alphabet, with the addition of the character
ñ (
eñe, representing the phoneme /ɲ/, a letter distinct from
n, although typographically composed of an
n with a
tilde) and the
digraphs
ch (representing the phoneme /tʃ/) and
ll (representing the phoneme /ʎ/). However, the digraph
rr ("strong
r",, "double
r", or simply ), which also represents a distinct phoneme /r/, isn't similarly regarded as a single letter. Thus, the traditional Spanish alphabet has 28 letters (29 if one counts
w, which is only used in foreign names and loanwords):
» a, b, c, ch, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, ll, m, n, ñ, o, p, q, r, s, t, u, v, w, x, y, z.
Since 1994, the digraphs
ch and
ll are to be treated as letter pairs for
collation purposes, though they remain a part of the alphabet. Words with
ch are now alphabetically sorted between those with
ce and
ci, instead of following
cz as they used to, and similarly for
ll.
With the exclusion of a very small number of regional terms such as
México (see
Toponymy of Mexico), pronunciation can be entirely determined from spelling. A typical Spanish word is stressed on the
syllable before the last if it ends with a vowel (not including
y) or with a vowel followed by
n or
s; it's stressed on the last syllable otherwise. Exceptions to this rule are indicated by placing an
acute accent on the
stressed vowel.
The acute accent is used, in addition, to distinguish between certain
homophones, especially when one of them is a stressed word and the other one is a
clitic: compare ("the", masculine singular definite article) with ("he" or "it"), or ("you", object pronoun), (preposition "of" or "from"), and (reflexive pronoun) with ("tea"), ("give") and ("I know", or imperative "be").
The interrogative pronouns (,, etc.) also receive accents in direct or indirect questions, and some demonstratives (, etc.) can be accented when used as pronouns. The conjunction ("or") is written with an accent between numerals so as not to be confused with a zero: for example, should be read as rather than ("10,020"). Accent marks are frequently omitted in capital letters (a widespread practice in the early days of computers where only lowercase vowels were available with accents), although the
RAE advises against this.
When
u is written between
g and a front vowel (
e or
i), if it should be pronounced, it's written with a
diaeresis (
ü) to indicate that it isn't silent as it normally would be (for example,
cigüeña, "stork", is pronounced /θiˈɣweɲa/; if it were written
cigueña, it would be pronounced /θiˈɣeɲa/.
Interrogative and exclamatory clauses are introduced with
inverted question (¿ ) and exclamation marks (¡ ).
Sounds
The phonemic inventory listed in the following table includes
phonemes that are preserved only in some dialects, other dialects having merged them (such as
yeísmo); these are marked with an asterisk (*). Sounds in parentheses are
allophones.
By the 16th century, the consonant system of Spanish underwent the following important changes that differentiated it from
neighboring Romance languages such as
Portuguese and
Catalan:
Initial /f/, when it had evolved into a vacillating /h/, was lost in most words (although this etymological h- is preserved in spelling and in some Andalusian dialects is still aspirated).
The bilabial approximant /β̞/ (which was written u or v) merged with the bilabial oclusive /b/ (written b). There is no difference between the pronunciation of orthographic b and v in contemporary Spanish, excepting emphatic pronunciations that can't be considered standard or natural.
The voiced alveolar fricative /z/ which existed as a separate phoneme in medieval Spanish merged with its voiceless counterpart /s/. The phoneme which resulted from this merger is currently spelled s.
The voiced postalveolar fricative /ʒ/ merged with its voiceless counterpart /ʃ/, which evolved into the modern velar sound /x/ by the 17th century, now written with j, or g before e, i. Nevertheless, in most parts of Argentina and in Uruguay, y and ll have both evolved to /ʒ/ or /ʃ/.
The voiced alveolar affricate /dz/ merged with its voiceless counterpart /ts/, which then developed into the interdental /θ/, now written z, or c before e, i. But in Andalusia, the Canary Islands and the Americas this sound merged with /s/ as well. See Ceceo, for further information.
The consonant system of Medieval Spanish has been better preserved in Ladino and in Portuguese, neither of which underwent these shifts.
Lexical stress
Spanish is a syllable-timed language, so each syllable has the same duration regardless of stress. Stress most often occurs on any of the last three syllables of a word, with some rare exceptions at the fourth last. The tendencies of stress assignment are as follows:
In words ending in vowels and /s/, stress most often falls on the penultimate syllable.
In words ending in all other consonants, the stress more often falls on the ultimate syllable.
Preantepenultimate stress occurs rarely and only in words like guardándoselos ('saving them for him/her') where a clitic follows certain verbal forms.
In addition to the many exceptions to these tendencies, there are numerous minimal pairs which contrast solely on stress. For example, sabana, with penultimate stress, means 'savannah' while, with antepenultimate stress, means 'sheet'; ('boundary'), ('[that] he/she limits') and ('I limited') also contrast solely on stress.
Phonological stress may be marked orthographically with an acute accent (ácido, distinción, etc). This is done according to the mandatory stress rules of Spanish orthography which are similar to the tendencies above (differing with words like distinción) and are defined so as to unequivocally indicate where the stress lies in a given written word. An acute accent may also be used to differentiate homophones (such as for 'tea' and
An amusing example of the significance of intonation in Spanish is the phrase ("What do you mean / 'how / do I eat'? / I eat / the way / I eat!").
Grammar
Spanish is a relatively inflected language, with a two-gender system and about fifty conjugated forms per verb, but limited inflection of nouns, adjectives, and determiners. (For a detailed overview of verbs, see Spanish verbs and Spanish irregular verbs.)
It is right-branching, uses prepositions, and usually, though not always, places adjectives after nouns. Its syntax is generally Subject Verb Object, though variations are common. It is a pro-drop language (allows the deletion of pronouns when pragmatically unnecessary) and verb-framed.
Samples
| English |
Spanish |
IPA phonemic transcription
(abstract phonemes) 1 |
IPA phonetic transcription
(actual sounds) 2 |
|
|
/es.paˈɲol/
|
[e̞s̺.päˈɲo̞ˑl]
[e̞s̻.päˈɲo̞ˑl] |
|
|
/kas.teˈja.no/
/kas.teˈʒa.no/
/kas.teˈʎa.no/ |
[käs̺.t̪e̞ˈʝäˑ.no̞]
[käs̻.t̪e̞ˈʝäˑ.no̞]
[kɑh.t̪ʰe̞ˈʝäˑ.no̞]
[kɑh.t̪ʰe̞ˈʒäˑ.no̞]
[käs̺.t̪e̞ˈʎäˑ.no̞] |
|
|
/iNˈgles/ 3
|
[iŋˈgle̞ˑs̺]
[iŋˈgle̞ˑs̻] |
|
|
/ˈsi/
|
[ˈs̺iˑ]
[ˈs̻iˑ] |
|
|
/ˈno/ |
[ˈno̞ˑ] |
|
|
/ˈo.la/ |
[ˈo̞ˑ.lä] |
|
(informal)
(formal)
|
/ˈko.mo esˈtas/
|
[ˈko̞ˑ.mo̞e̞s̺ˈt̪äˑs̺]
[ˈko̞ˑ.mo̞e̞s̻ˈt̪äˑs̻]
[ˈko̞ˑ.mo̞ɛhˈt̪ʰɑˑh] |
|
|
/ˈbue.nos ˈdi.as/
|
[ˈbwe̞ˑ.no̞s̬̺ˈð̞iˑ.äs̺]
[ˈbwe̞ˑ.no̞s̬̻ˈð̞iˑ.äs̻]
[ˈbwe̞ˑ.nɔhˈð̞iˑ.ɑh] |
|
|
/ˈbue.nas ˈtaR.des/ 3
|
[ˈbwe̞ˑ.näs̺ˈt̪äˑɾ.ð̞e̞s̺]
[ˈbwe̞ˑ.näs̻ˈt̪äˑɾ.ð̞e̞s̻]
[ˈbwe̞ˑ.nɑhˈt̪ʰäˑɾ.ð̞ɛh] |
|
|
/ˈbue.nas ˈno.ces/
|
[ˈbwe̞ˑ.näs̺ˈno̞ˑ.ʨe̞s̺]
[ˈbwe̞ˑ.näs̻ˈno̞ˑ.ʧe̞s̻]
[ˈbwe̞ˑ.nɑnˈːo̞ˑ.ʃɛh] |
|
|
/aˈdios/
|
[äˈð̞jo̞ˑs̺]
[äˈð̞jo̞ˑs̻]
[äˈð̞jɔˑh] |
|
|
/poR faˈboR/ 3 |
[po̞ɾfäˈβ̞o̞ˑɾ] |
|
|
/ˈgRa.θias/ 3
/ˈgRa.sias/ 3
|
[ˈgɾäˑ.θjäs̺]
[ˈgɾäˑ.s̻jäs̻]
[ˈgɾäˑ.s̻jɑh] |
|
|
/peRˈdoN/ 3
|
[pe̞ɾˈð̞o̞ˑŋ]
[pe̞ɾˈð̞o̞ˑn] |
|
|
/lo ˈsieN.to/ 3
|
[lo̞ˈs̺je̞ˑn̪.t̪o̞]
[lo̞ˈs̻je̞ˑn̪.t̪o̞] |
|
|
/ˈda.te ˈpRi.sa/ 3
|
[ˈd̪äˑ.t̪e̞ˈpɾiˑ.s̺ä]
[ˈd̪äˑ.t̪e̞ˈpɾiˑ.s̻ä] |
|
|
/ˈpoR.ke/ 3 |
[ˈpo̞ˑɾ.ke̞] |
|
|
/poR ˈke/ 3 |
[po̞ɾˈke̞ˑ] |
|
|
/ˈkieN/ 3
|
[ˈkje̞ˑŋ]
[ˈkje̞ˑn] |
|
|
/ˈke/ |
[ˈke̞ˑ] |
|
|
/ˈkuaN.do/ 3 |
[ˈkwäˑn̪.d̪o̞] |
|
|
/ˈdoN.de/ 3 |
[ˈdo̞ˑn̪.d̪e̞] |
|
|
/ˈko.mo/ |
[ˈko̞ˑ.mo̞] |
|
|
/ˈkuaN.to/ 3 |
[ˈkwäˑn̪.t̪o̞] |
|
|
/no eNˈtieN.do/ 3 |
[nŏ̞e̞n̪ˈt̪je̞ˑn̪.d̪o̞] |
|
|
/aˈju.de.me/
/aˈʒu.de.me/
/aˈju.da.me/
/aˈʒu.de.me/ |
[äˈʝuˑ.ð̞e̞.me̞]
[äˈʒuˑ.ð̞e̞.me̞]
[äˈʝuˑ.ð̞ä.me̞]
[äˈʒuˑ.ð̞ä.me̞] |
|
|
/ˈdoN.de esˈta el ˈba.ɲo] 3
|
[ˈdo̞ˑn̪.d̪e̞e̞s̺ˈt̪äˑ ĕ̞l ˈβ̞äˑ.ɲo̞]
[ˈdo̞ˑn̪.d̪e̞e̞s̻ˈt̪äˑ ĕ̞l ˈβ̞äˑ.ɲo̞]
[ˈdo̞ˑn̪.d̪e̞ɛhˈt̪ʰäˑ ĕ̞l ˈβ̞äˑ.ɲo̞] |
|
|
/ˈa.blas iNˈgles/ 3
|
[ˈäˑ.β̞läs̺iŋˈgle̞ˑs̺]
[ˈäˑ.β̞läs̻iŋˈgle̞ˑs̻]
[ˈäˑ.β̞lɑhiŋˈglɛˑh] |
|
|
/saˈlud/
|
[s̺aˈluˑð̞]
[s̻aˈluˑð̞] |
1 Phonemic representation of the abstract phonological entities (phonemes), 2 phonetic representation of the actual sounds pronounced (phones). In both cases, when several representations are given, the first one corresponds to the dialect in the recording (Castilian with yeísmo) and the rest to several other dialects not in the recording.
3 Capital /N/ and /R/ (non-standard IPA) are used here to represent the nasal and rhotic archiphonemes that neutralize the phonemic oppositions [m]-[n]-[ɲ] and [r]-[ɾ], respectively, in syllabe coda and intra-cluster positions. |
Further Information
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